M. L., a correspondent from Hamburg, writes that Ist das ein Mensch? is the first account of Auschwitz that he and his wife have read. Thus, his letter is an attempt to respond to Leviâs desire to âunderstandâ the Germans and to âevoke a responseâ in Germany.
Hamburg, den[1]
Hochverehrter Herr Levi!
Ihr Buch Ist das ein Mensch? ist der erste uns bekannte Bericht eines Ăberlebenden von Auschwitz. Es hat meine Frau und mich tief erschĂźttert.
Weil Sie nun nach all dem erlebten Grauen sich doch noch einmal an das deutsche Volk wenden, âum es zu verstehen und einen Widerhall zu erweckenâ â p. 9 den deutschen Ausgabe, â wage ich es, eine Antwort zu versuchen.
Ein Widerhall nur soll es sein. Ich glaube, verstehen kann so etwas kein Mensch! Genesis5019stehen Jacobs SĂśhne zitternd vor ihrem BrĂźder Joseph, ganz in seine Hand gegeben. âJoseph sprach zu ihnen: FĂźrchtet euch nicht, denn ich bin unter Gottâ.[2] Das ist es, von einem Menschen, der nicht unter Gott steht, muĂ man alles befĂźrchten, er hat keine Bindung und keine Hemmung! Dann gilt jenes andere Wort aus der Genesis, 821, âdenn das Dichten des menschlichen Herzens ist bĂśse von Jugend aufâ, modern erläutert und bewiesen durch die furchtbaren Entdeckungen der Psychoanalyse Freuds im UnbewuĂten, die Ihnen wohl bekannt sind. Es hat immer Zeiten gegeben, âwo der Teufel los warâ, ohne Hemmungen und ohne Sinn: Judenverfolgungen und Christenverfolgungen, Ausrotten ganzen VĂślker in SĂźdamerika und der Indianer in Nordamerika, der Goten in Italien unter Narses,[3] grausamste Folterungen und Massenmorde an ganzen Ständen während der FranzĂśsischen und der RussischenRevolution. Wer will das âverstehenâ?
Aber, sehr geehrter Herr Levi, Sie erwarten wohl eine spezielle Antwort auf die Frage, warum Hitler an die Macht kam, und warum wir sein Joch nicht wieder abgeschĂźttelt haben.
Nun, 1933 waren wir durch die politischen und wirtschaftlichen Krisen, durch eine verheerende Arbeitslosigkeit so am Ende, daĂ parlamentarisch alle gemäĂigten Parteien verschwanden und wir nur die Wahl hatten, Hitler oder Stalin, Nationalsozialisten oder Kommunisten, beide etwa gleich stark. Die Kommunisten kannten wir von mehreren groĂen Aufständen her nach dem ErstemWeltkrieg.[4] Hitler erschien uns zwar verdächtig, aber doch entschieden als das kleinere Ăbel. DaĂ alle seine schĂśnen Worte LĂźge und Betung waren, erkannten wir zunächst nicht. AuĂenpolitisch hatte er einen Erfolg nach dem andern. Alle Staaten unterhielten diplomatische Beziehungen, der Papst als ersten schloĂ ein Konkordat. Wer konnte ahnen, daĂ wir einem Verbrecher und BetrĂźger aufgesessen waren? Und wenn schon, man kann doch nicht den Betrogenen die Schuld geben. Schuld hat doch allein der BetrĂźger. â Und nun die schwierigste Frage, sein blĂśdsinniger JudenhaĂ: Nun, populär ist dieser JudenhaĂ nie gewesen. Deutschland galt mit Recht als das Juden freundlichste Land der Welt. Niemals ist â so viel ich weiĂ und auch gelesen habe â zur ganzen Hitlerzeit bis zum Ende ein einziger Fall spontaner Schmähung oder Angriffe auf einem Juden bekannt geworden.[5] Immer nur â sehr gefährliche Hilfsaktionen.
Und nun das Zweite: In einem totalitären Staat sich aufzulehnen, ist nicht mĂśglich. Die ganze Welt hat auch seiner Zeit den Ungarn nicht helfen kĂśnnen. âVĂślkern hinter dem Eisernen Verfag kĂśnnen wir nicht helfenâ, sagte einmal jemand (ein Amerikanischer Präsident?).[6] So konnten wir alleine es schon gar nicht. Vergessen Sie nicht daĂ, abgesehen von allen anderen Widerstandskämpfern, allein am 20 Juli â44 Tausende und Abertausende von Offizieren hingerichtet sind. Das war keine âkleine Generals-Cliqueâ, wie Hitler sagte.[7]
Lieber Herr Dr. Levi, so darf ich Sie einmal nennen, denn wer Ihr Buch gelesen hat, muà Sie lieb haben. Ich habe keine Entschuldigung, keine Erklärung. Schwer lastet die Schuld auf meinem armen, betrogenen und irregeleiteten Volke. Gnädig sind Sie bewahrt geblieben als einer der wenigen aus Millionen. Freuen Sie sich des neu geschenkten Lebens, des Friedens und Ihrer schÜnen Heimat, die auch ich kenne. Auch auf meinem Bßcherbord stehen Dante und Boccaccio.
Ihr
sehr ergebener
E.L.
Hamburg, denÂ
Sehr geehrter Herr Doktor!
Darf ich dem Brief meines Mannes noch ein paar Worte hinzufĂźgen?
Wenn ein Volk zu spät erkennt, dass es ein Gefangenes des Teufels geworden ist, so bewirkt das psychische Veränderungen. Â
1) Angesprochen wird das BĂśse in Menschen. Es entstehen die Pannwitze und die Kapos, die sich an der Schulter Hilfloser den Schmutz abwischen.[8]Â
2) Es entstand im Gegensatz dazu der offene Widerstand gegen das Unrecht, der sich und seine Familie als Märtyrer opferte, zwar ohne äusseren Erfolg zu haben.Â
3) Es bleibt die grosse Menge derer, die um das eigene Leben und die Existenz zu retten, schweigt und den gefährdeten BrĂźder preisgibt.Â
Das bekennen wir als unsere Schuld vor Gott und Menschen.Â
IhreÂ
sehr ergebene
E. L.
Dr. M.L. Hamburg-Altona[1]
Egregio Dott. Levi,
Il Suo libro Se questo è un uomo è il primo fra i racconti di superstiti di Auschwitz che sia venuto a nostra conoscenza. Ha commosso profondamente mia moglie e me. Ora, poichÊ Ella, dopo tutti gli orrori che ha vissuto, si rivolge ancora una volta al popolo tedesco per capire, per destare una eco, io oso tentare una risposta.I
Ma non sarĂ che una eco: âcapireâ simili cose non può nessuno! In GENESI50-19 stanno i figli di Giacobbe, tremanti davanti al loro fratello Giuseppe, compiutamente nelle sue mani; ÂŤE Giuseppe disse loro: â Non temete, chĂŠ io sono con Dio âÂť. [2] Ciò equivale a dire, che da un uomo che non è con Dio tutto è da temere: egli non ha freni, non ha ritegno! E gli si addice allora lâaltra parola di GENESI8-21: ÂŤPoichĂŠ il senno del cuore umano è malvagio fin dalla giovinezzaÂť, modernamente spiegato e dimostrato dalle tremende scoperte della psicanalisi di Freud nel campo dellâinconscio, a Lei certamente note. In ogni tempo è avvenuto âche il Diavolo si scatenasseâ, senza ritegno, senza senso: persecuzioni di ebrei e di cristiani, sterminio di popoli interi in Sudamerica, degli indiani nel Nordamerica, dei Goti in Italia sotto Narsete[3], orrende persecuzioni e massacri nel corso delle rivoluzioni francese e russa. Chi potrĂ âcapireâ tutto questo?II
Ella però, egregio dottor Levi, aspettaIII certo una risposta specifica alla domanda, perchÊ Hitler giunse al potere, e perchÊ noi in seguito non abbiamo scosso il suo giogo.
Ora, nel 1933 noi eravamo talmente esausti per le crisi politiche ed economiche, e per la disoccupazione dominante, che in parlamento tutti i partiti moderati sparirono, e non rimase che la scelta fra Hitler e Stalin, Nazionalsocialisti e Comunisti, di forze allâincirca uguali. I comunisti li conoscevamo, per le varie grandi rivolteIV avvenute dopo la 1 Guerra.[4] Hitler ci appariva sospetto, è vero, ma decisamente come il minor male.V Che tutte le sue belle parole erano menzogne e tradimento, allâinizio non ce ne accorgemmo. In politica estera, aveva un successo dopo lâaltro; tutti gli stati mantenevano con lui relazioni diplomatiche, il Papa per primo conchiuse un concordato. Chi poteva sospettare che noi eravamo a cavallo di un criminale e di un traditore? E quando anche (sic), nessuna colpa si può certo attribuire ai traditi:VI solo il traditore è colpevole. Ed ora la questione piĂš difficile, il suo insensato odio contro gli ebrei: ebbene, questâodio non è mai stato popolare. La Germania contava a buon diritto come il paese piĂš amichevole verso gli ebrei nel mondo intero.VII Mai, a quanto io so, e ho letto, durante tutto il periodo hitleriano fino alla sua fine, mai si è saputo di un solo caso di spontaneo oltraggio o aggressione ai danni di un ebreo. [5] Sempre soltanto (pericolosissimi) tentativi di aiuto.
E ora la seconda questione. Ribellarsi in uno stato totalitario non è possibile. Il mondo intiero, a suo tempo, non ha potuto portare aiuto agli ungheresi. ÂŤNon possiamo aiutare i popoli dietro alla Cortina di FerroÂť ha detto qualcuno (un Presidente americano?). [6] Tanto meno potemmo farlo noi da soli. Non va dimenticato che, oltre a tutte le altre battaglie di resistenza, solo nel giorno 20/7/44migliaia e migliaia di ufficiali furono giustiziati. Non si trattava giĂ di âuna piccola cricca di ufficialiâ, come disse poi Hitler.[7]
Caro dottor Levi (cosĂŹ mi permetto di chiamarla, perchĂŠ chi ha letto il suo libro non può che averLa a caro), non ho scuse, non ho spiegazioni. La colpa grava pesantemente sul mio povero popolo tradito e sviato. Lei, per grazia del cielo, è stato risparmiato, uno fra milioni. Si rallegri della vita che Le è stata ridonata, della pace e della sua bella Patria che anch’io conosco. Anche nel mio scaffale stanno Dante e Boccaccio.
Suo M.L.
Dott.M.L. HAMBURGO
Egregio Dott. Levi,
posso aggiungere qualche parola alla lettera di mio marito? Quando un popolo riconosce troppo tardi di essere diventato un prigioniero del diavolo, ne seguono alcune alterazioniVIII psichiche. (sic)IX
1) Viene sollecitato quanto di male è negli uomini. Ne sono il risultato i Pannwitz e i Kapos, che si nettano la mano sulla spalla degli inermi.[8]
2) Ne è il risultato, per contro, anche la resistenza attiva contro lâingiustizia, che sacrificò sĂŠ stessa e la sua famiglia (sic) al martirio, e ciò senza successo visibile.
3) Rimane la gran massa di coloro che, per salvare la propria vita ed esistenza, tacciono e abbandonano il fratello in pericolo.
Questo noi riconosciamo come colpa nostra davanti a Dio e agli uomini.
Sua
E.L.
Hamburg,[1]
Dear Mr. Levi!
Your book If This is a Man is the first account by a survivor of Auschwitz that my wife and I have just read. It has deeply shaken us both.
Since, after all the horrors you have experienced, you are now turning once again to the German people âin order to understand them and evoke a responseââp. 9 of the German editionâI shall venture to attempt a reply.
This response can only be a resonance, for I believe no human being can understand such a thing! In Genesis50:19, Jacobâs sons stand trembling before their brother Joseph, completely in his hands. âJoseph said to them, âDo not be afraid. Am I in the place of God?ââ[2]That is it: from a person who is not in the place of God, one must fear everything, for he has no restraint and no inhibitions! Then that other saying from Genesis 8:21 applies, âthe imagination of manâs heart is evil from his youthevery inclination of the human heart is evil from childhood,â explained and proven in modern terms by the terrible discoveries of Freudâs psychoanalysis of the unconscious, with which you are probably familiar. There have always been times when âall hell broke looseâ, without restraint and without reason: persecution of the Jews; persecution of Christians; extermination of entire peoples in South America and the Indians, North America; the Goths in Italy under Narses;[3] cruel torture and mass murders of entire classes during the French and Russian revolutions. Who wants to âunderstandâ all that?
But, dear Mr. Levi, you are probably expecting a specific answer to the question of why Hitler came to power and why we did not shake off his yoke.
Well, in 1933, we were so exhausted by political and economic crises and devastating unemployment that all moderate parties disappeared from parliament and we were left with a choice between Hitler and Stalin, National Socialists and Communists, the two sides being roughly equal in strength. We knew the Communists from several major uprisings after the First World War.[4] Hitler seemed suspicious to us, but we decided he was the lesser evil. At first, we did not realize that all his fine words were lies and deceit. In foreign policy, he had one success after another. All states maintained diplomatic relations, with the Pope being the first to conclude a concordat. Who could have guessed that we had fallen for a criminal and a fraud? And even if we had, you cannot blame the victims of fraud. The fraudster alone is to blame.âAnd now the most difficult question, his idiotic hatred of Jews: Well, this hatred of Jews has never been popular. Germany was rightly considered the most Jewish-friendly country in the world. As far as I know and have read, not a single case of spontaneous abuse or attack on a Jew is known to have occurred during the entire Hitler era until the end.[5] Only very dangerous rescue operations.
And now the second point: it is not possible to rebel in a totalitarian state. The whole world was unable to help Hungary when the time came. âWe cannot help the peoples behind the Iron Curtain,â someone (an American president?) once said.[6] So we certainly could not do it alone. Let us not forget that, apart from all the other resistance fighters, thousands upon thousands of officers were executed on July 20, 1944, alone. That was no âsmall clique of officers,â as Hitler said.[7]
Dear Mr. Levi, if I may call you that, because anyone who has read your book cannot but have you dear: I have no excuse, no explanation. The guilt weighs heavily on my poor, deceived, and misguided people. By the grace of Heaven, you have been spared, one of the few among millions. Rejoice in your newfound life, in peace, and in your beautiful homeland, which I also know. Dante and Boccaccio are also on my bookshelf.
Yours,
most devotedly,
M.L.
Hamburg,
Dear Sir!
Â
May I add a few words to my husbandâs letter?
When a people realizes too late that it has become a prisoner of the devil, this causes psychological changes.
1) Â Whatever is evil in people is stimulated. This gives rise to the Pannwitzes and the Kapos, who wipe the dirt off their shoulders and onto the backs of the helpless.[8]
2) Â Active resistance to injustice is, by contrast, also prompted: sacrificing oneself and oneâs family as martyrs, albeit without any outward success.
3) Â There remains the large number of those who, in order to save their own lives and existence, remain silent and betray their endangered brothers.
Â
We confess this as our guilt before God and man.
Yours,
most sincerely,
E.L.
Hamburg, den[1]
Hochverehrter Herr Levi!
Ihr Buch Ist das ein Mensch? ist der erste uns bekannte Bericht eines Ăberlebenden von Auschwitz. Es hat meine Frau und mich tief erschĂźttert.
Weil Sie nun nach all dem erlebten Grauen sich doch noch einmal an das deutsche Volk wenden, âum es zu verstehen und einen Widerhall zu erweckenâ â p. 9 den deutschen Ausgabe, â wage ich es, eine Antwort zu versuchen.
Ein Widerhall nur soll es sein. Ich glaube, verstehen kann so etwas kein Mensch! Genesis5019stehen Jacobs SĂśhne zitternd vor ihrem BrĂźder Joseph, ganz in seine Hand gegeben. âJoseph sprach zu ihnen: FĂźrchtet euch nicht, denn ich bin unter Gottâ.[2] Das ist es, von einem Menschen, der nicht unter Gott steht, muĂ man alles befĂźrchten, er hat keine Bindung und keine Hemmung! Dann gilt jenes andere Wort aus der Genesis, 821, âdenn das Dichten des menschlichen Herzens ist bĂśse von Jugend aufâ, modern erläutert und bewiesen durch die furchtbaren Entdeckungen der Psychoanalyse Freuds im UnbewuĂten, die Ihnen wohl bekannt sind. Es hat immer Zeiten gegeben, âwo der Teufel los warâ, ohne Hemmungen und ohne Sinn: Judenverfolgungen und Christenverfolgungen, Ausrotten ganzen VĂślker in SĂźdamerika und der Indianer in Nordamerika, der Goten in Italien unter Narses,[3] grausamste Folterungen und Massenmorde an ganzen Ständen während der FranzĂśsischen und der RussischenRevolution. Wer will das âverstehenâ?
Aber, sehr geehrter Herr Levi, Sie erwarten wohl eine spezielle Antwort auf die Frage, warum Hitler an die Macht kam, und warum wir sein Joch nicht wieder abgeschĂźttelt haben.
Nun, 1933 waren wir durch die politischen und wirtschaftlichen Krisen, durch eine verheerende Arbeitslosigkeit so am Ende, daĂ parlamentarisch alle gemäĂigten Parteien verschwanden und wir nur die Wahl hatten, Hitler oder Stalin, Nationalsozialisten oder Kommunisten, beide etwa gleich stark. Die Kommunisten kannten wir von mehreren groĂen Aufständen her nach dem ErstemWeltkrieg.[4] Hitler erschien uns zwar verdächtig, aber doch entschieden als das kleinere Ăbel. DaĂ alle seine schĂśnen Worte LĂźge und Betung waren, erkannten wir zunächst nicht. AuĂenpolitisch hatte er einen Erfolg nach dem andern. Alle Staaten unterhielten diplomatische Beziehungen, der Papst als ersten schloĂ ein Konkordat. Wer konnte ahnen, daĂ wir einem Verbrecher und BetrĂźger aufgesessen waren? Und wenn schon, man kann doch nicht den Betrogenen die Schuld geben. Schuld hat doch allein der BetrĂźger. â Und nun die schwierigste Frage, sein blĂśdsinniger JudenhaĂ: Nun, populär ist dieser JudenhaĂ nie gewesen. Deutschland galt mit Recht als das Juden freundlichste Land der Welt. Niemals ist â so viel ich weiĂ und auch gelesen habe â zur ganzen Hitlerzeit bis zum Ende ein einziger Fall spontaner Schmähung oder Angriffe auf einem Juden bekannt geworden.[5] Immer nur â sehr gefährliche Hilfsaktionen.
Und nun das Zweite: In einem totalitären Staat sich aufzulehnen, ist nicht mĂśglich. Die ganze Welt hat auch seiner Zeit den Ungarn nicht helfen kĂśnnen. âVĂślkern hinter dem Eisernen Verfag kĂśnnen wir nicht helfenâ, sagte einmal jemand (ein Amerikanischer Präsident?).[6] So konnten wir alleine es schon gar nicht. Vergessen Sie nicht daĂ, abgesehen von allen anderen Widerstandskämpfern, allein am 20 Juli â44 Tausende und Abertausende von Offizieren hingerichtet sind. Das war keine âkleine Generals-Cliqueâ, wie Hitler sagte.[7]
Lieber Herr Dr. Levi, so darf ich Sie einmal nennen, denn wer Ihr Buch gelesen hat, muà Sie lieb haben. Ich habe keine Entschuldigung, keine Erklärung. Schwer lastet die Schuld auf meinem armen, betrogenen und irregeleiteten Volke. Gnädig sind Sie bewahrt geblieben als einer der wenigen aus Millionen. Freuen Sie sich des neu geschenkten Lebens, des Friedens und Ihrer schÜnen Heimat, die auch ich kenne. Auch auf meinem Bßcherbord stehen Dante und Boccaccio.
Ihr
sehr ergebener
E.L.
Hamburg, denÂ
Sehr geehrter Herr Doktor!
Darf ich dem Brief meines Mannes noch ein paar Worte hinzufĂźgen?
Wenn ein Volk zu spät erkennt, dass es ein Gefangenes des Teufels geworden ist, so bewirkt das psychische Veränderungen. Â
1) Angesprochen wird das BĂśse in Menschen. Es entstehen die Pannwitze und die Kapos, die sich an der Schulter Hilfloser den Schmutz abwischen.[8]Â
2) Es entstand im Gegensatz dazu der offene Widerstand gegen das Unrecht, der sich und seine Familie als Märtyrer opferte, zwar ohne äusseren Erfolg zu haben.Â
3) Es bleibt die grosse Menge derer, die um das eigene Leben und die Existenz zu retten, schweigt und den gefährdeten BrĂźder preisgibt.Â
Das bekennen wir als unsere Schuld vor Gott und Menschen.Â
IhreÂ
sehr ergebene
E. L.
Dr. M.L. Hamburg-Altona[1]
Egregio Dott. Levi,
Il Suo libro Se questo è un uomo è il primo fra i racconti di superstiti di Auschwitz che sia venuto a nostra conoscenza. Ha commosso profondamente mia moglie e me. Ora, poichÊ Ella, dopo tutti gli orrori che ha vissuto, si rivolge ancora una volta al popolo tedesco per capire, per destare una eco, io oso tentare una risposta.I
Ma non sarĂ che una eco: âcapireâ simili cose non può nessuno! In GENESI50-19 stanno i figli di Giacobbe, tremanti davanti al loro fratello Giuseppe, compiutamente nelle sue mani; ÂŤE Giuseppe disse loro: â Non temete, chĂŠ io sono con Dio âÂť. [2] Ciò equivale a dire, che da un uomo che non è con Dio tutto è da temere: egli non ha freni, non ha ritegno! E gli si addice allora lâaltra parola di GENESI8-21: ÂŤPoichĂŠ il senno del cuore umano è malvagio fin dalla giovinezzaÂť, modernamente spiegato e dimostrato dalle tremende scoperte della psicanalisi di Freud nel campo dellâinconscio, a Lei certamente note. In ogni tempo è avvenuto âche il Diavolo si scatenasseâ, senza ritegno, senza senso: persecuzioni di ebrei e di cristiani, sterminio di popoli interi in Sudamerica, degli indiani nel Nordamerica, dei Goti in Italia sotto Narsete[3], orrende persecuzioni e massacri nel corso delle rivoluzioni francese e russa. Chi potrĂ âcapireâ tutto questo?II
Ella però, egregio dottor Levi, aspettaIII certo una risposta specifica alla domanda, perchÊ Hitler giunse al potere, e perchÊ noi in seguito non abbiamo scosso il suo giogo.
Ora, nel 1933 noi eravamo talmente esausti per le crisi politiche ed economiche, e per la disoccupazione dominante, che in parlamento tutti i partiti moderati sparirono, e non rimase che la scelta fra Hitler e Stalin, Nazionalsocialisti e Comunisti, di forze allâincirca uguali. I comunisti li conoscevamo, per le varie grandi rivolteIV avvenute dopo la 1 Guerra.[4] Hitler ci appariva sospetto, è vero, ma decisamente come il minor male.V Che tutte le sue belle parole erano menzogne e tradimento, allâinizio non ce ne accorgemmo. In politica estera, aveva un successo dopo lâaltro; tutti gli stati mantenevano con lui relazioni diplomatiche, il Papa per primo conchiuse un concordato. Chi poteva sospettare che noi eravamo a cavallo di un criminale e di un traditore? E quando anche (sic), nessuna colpa si può certo attribuire ai traditi:VI solo il traditore è colpevole. Ed ora la questione piĂš difficile, il suo insensato odio contro gli ebrei: ebbene, questâodio non è mai stato popolare. La Germania contava a buon diritto come il paese piĂš amichevole verso gli ebrei nel mondo intero.VII Mai, a quanto io so, e ho letto, durante tutto il periodo hitleriano fino alla sua fine, mai si è saputo di un solo caso di spontaneo oltraggio o aggressione ai danni di un ebreo. [5] Sempre soltanto (pericolosissimi) tentativi di aiuto.
E ora la seconda questione. Ribellarsi in uno stato totalitario non è possibile. Il mondo intiero, a suo tempo, non ha potuto portare aiuto agli ungheresi. ÂŤNon possiamo aiutare i popoli dietro alla Cortina di FerroÂť ha detto qualcuno (un Presidente americano?). [6] Tanto meno potemmo farlo noi da soli. Non va dimenticato che, oltre a tutte le altre battaglie di resistenza, solo nel giorno 20/7/44migliaia e migliaia di ufficiali furono giustiziati. Non si trattava giĂ di âuna piccola cricca di ufficialiâ, come disse poi Hitler.[7]
Caro dottor Levi (cosĂŹ mi permetto di chiamarla, perchĂŠ chi ha letto il suo libro non può che averLa a caro), non ho scuse, non ho spiegazioni. La colpa grava pesantemente sul mio povero popolo tradito e sviato. Lei, per grazia del cielo, è stato risparmiato, uno fra milioni. Si rallegri della vita che Le è stata ridonata, della pace e della sua bella Patria che anch’io conosco. Anche nel mio scaffale stanno Dante e Boccaccio.
Suo M.L.
Dott.M.L. HAMBURGO
Egregio Dott. Levi,
posso aggiungere qualche parola alla lettera di mio marito? Quando un popolo riconosce troppo tardi di essere diventato un prigioniero del diavolo, ne seguono alcune alterazioniVIII psichiche. (sic)IX
1) Viene sollecitato quanto di male è negli uomini. Ne sono il risultato i Pannwitz e i Kapos, che si nettano la mano sulla spalla degli inermi.[8]
2) Ne è il risultato, per contro, anche la resistenza attiva contro lâingiustizia, che sacrificò sĂŠ stessa e la sua famiglia (sic) al martirio, e ciò senza successo visibile.
3) Rimane la gran massa di coloro che, per salvare la propria vita ed esistenza, tacciono e abbandonano il fratello in pericolo.
Questo noi riconosciamo come colpa nostra davanti a Dio e agli uomini.
Sua
E.L.
Hamburg,[1]
Dear Mr. Levi!
Your book If This is a Man is the first account by a survivor of Auschwitz that my wife and I have just read. It has deeply shaken us both.
Since, after all the horrors you have experienced, you are now turning once again to the German people âin order to understand them and evoke a responseââp. 9 of the German editionâI shall venture to attempt a reply.
This response can only be a resonance, for I believe no human being can understand such a thing! In Genesis50:19, Jacobâs sons stand trembling before their brother Joseph, completely in his hands. âJoseph said to them, âDo not be afraid. Am I in the place of God?ââ[2]That is it: from a person who is not in the place of God, one must fear everything, for he has no restraint and no inhibitions! Then that other saying from Genesis 8:21 applies, âthe imagination of manâs heart is evil from his youthevery inclination of the human heart is evil from childhood,â explained and proven in modern terms by the terrible discoveries of Freudâs psychoanalysis of the unconscious, with which you are probably familiar. There have always been times when âall hell broke looseâ, without restraint and without reason: persecution of the Jews; persecution of Christians; extermination of entire peoples in South America and the Indians, North America; the Goths in Italy under Narses;[3] cruel torture and mass murders of entire classes during the French and Russian revolutions. Who wants to âunderstandâ all that?
But, dear Mr. Levi, you are probably expecting a specific answer to the question of why Hitler came to power and why we did not shake off his yoke.
Well, in 1933, we were so exhausted by political and economic crises and devastating unemployment that all moderate parties disappeared from parliament and we were left with a choice between Hitler and Stalin, National Socialists and Communists, the two sides being roughly equal in strength. We knew the Communists from several major uprisings after the First World War.[4] Hitler seemed suspicious to us, but we decided he was the lesser evil. At first, we did not realize that all his fine words were lies and deceit. In foreign policy, he had one success after another. All states maintained diplomatic relations, with the Pope being the first to conclude a concordat. Who could have guessed that we had fallen for a criminal and a fraud? And even if we had, you cannot blame the victims of fraud. The fraudster alone is to blame.âAnd now the most difficult question, his idiotic hatred of Jews: Well, this hatred of Jews has never been popular. Germany was rightly considered the most Jewish-friendly country in the world. As far as I know and have read, not a single case of spontaneous abuse or attack on a Jew is known to have occurred during the entire Hitler era until the end.[5] Only very dangerous rescue operations.
And now the second point: it is not possible to rebel in a totalitarian state. The whole world was unable to help Hungary when the time came. âWe cannot help the peoples behind the Iron Curtain,â someone (an American president?) once said.[6] So we certainly could not do it alone. Let us not forget that, apart from all the other resistance fighters, thousands upon thousands of officers were executed on July 20, 1944, alone. That was no âsmall clique of officers,â as Hitler said.[7]
Dear Mr. Levi, if I may call you that, because anyone who has read your book cannot but have you dear: I have no excuse, no explanation. The guilt weighs heavily on my poor, deceived, and misguided people. By the grace of Heaven, you have been spared, one of the few among millions. Rejoice in your newfound life, in peace, and in your beautiful homeland, which I also know. Dante and Boccaccio are also on my bookshelf.
Yours,
most devotedly,
M.L.
Hamburg,
Dear Sir!
Â
May I add a few words to my husbandâs letter?
When a people realizes too late that it has become a prisoner of the devil, this causes psychological changes.
1) Â Whatever is evil in people is stimulated. This gives rise to the Pannwitzes and the Kapos, who wipe the dirt off their shoulders and onto the backs of the helpless.[8]
2) Â Active resistance to injustice is, by contrast, also prompted: sacrificing oneself and oneâs family as martyrs, albeit without any outward success.
3) Â There remains the large number of those who, in order to save their own lives and existence, remain silent and betray their endangered brothers.
Â
We confess this as our guilt before God and man.
Yours,
most sincerely,
E.L.
Info
Notes
Tag
Sender: Mr. and Mrs. L.
Addressee: Primo Levi
Date of Drafting: 1962-01-01
Place of Writing: Hamburg
Description:handwritten letter in blue fountain pen on white paper. In the upper margin of f. 174r, to the right, alongside the name of the town, Levi has added by hand in pencil: â(1960?),â an incongruous date since Ist das ein Mensch? was released in West Germany in November 1961. In The Drowned and the Saved, Levi dates the letter of Mr. and Mrs. L. to 1962 (OC, II, p. 1258), placing it among the first receipts. To the left, there is a header stamp, to which the correspondent has added by hand âGermaniaâ. Leviâs translation of the letter and the enclosure (ff. 176, 177) are typed on white paper and have marks and underlining in pencil and red pencil, and insertions in red ballpoint pen.
Enclosures:handwritten letter in blue fountain pen on white paper.
Archive: Archivio privato di Primo Levi, Turin
Series: Complesso di fondi Primo Levi, Fondo Primo Levi, Corrispondenza, Corrispondenti particolari, Fasc. 20, sottofasc. 001, doc. 061, f. 174r/v, 175 (allegato), 176 (trad.), 177 (trad. all.).
Folio: 1, front and back, 3 back only
DOI:
1Regarding the reasons for the anonymity of the letter, see the Biography of Mr. and Mrs. L. An exception has been made in their case and the documents have not been reproduced in order to avoid revealing personal details about the couple.
2Starting in the 1930s and â40s, Primo Levi became enthralled with the Biblical story of Joseph through Thomas Mannâs version in his tetralogy Joseph and His Brothers, which Levi also included in his anthology of fundamental books, The Search for Roots; on this topic, cf. Martina Mengoni, Primo Levi e Thomas Mann, in Robert S.C. Gordon, Gianluca Cinelli (edited by), Innesti. Primo Levi e i libri altrui, Oxford Bern Berlin Brussels New York Vienna: Peter Lang, 2020, pp. 327-44. In the notes to the text of Opere complete,Marco Belpoliti mentions a point in the Yona typescript in which Levi compares the character Pikolo in If This Is a Man to Joseph: âPiccolo come Giuseppe in Egitto, era riuscito a rendersi necessarioâ [âPiccolo, like Joseph in Egypt, was able to make himself necessaryâ] (OC I, p. 1470). Along with the rest of the letter, Mr. L.âs quote, used in a perspective of renouncing comprehension and, basically, accepting Hitlerâs crimes, undoubtedly did not pass unobserved by Levi.
3Interviewed by Ferdinando Camon in 1986, Levi gave his opinion of the unusual historical reference that M.L. proposed: âthis German tells me that it is not the first time that massacres occur in the world, and malignly mentions a massacre with which I was unfamiliar: the massacre of the Goths at the hands of the Byzantines, under Belisarius; as though to say: you Mediterranean people, too, did something against usâ (OC III, p. 844).
4M.L. is referring to the so-called âSpartacist uprisingâ [Spartakusaufstand] in January 1919, an attempt to spark a communist insurrection along the lines of the Soviet model, that marked the highpoint of the political revolution in Germany following the countryâs defeat in World War I. The Social-Democratic government, with the help of the Freikorps,harshly repressed the uprising and its leaders Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht were executed on January 15, 1919. This politically decisive detail did not escape Primo Leviâs attention. As he recounted to Ferdinando Camon in an interview in 1986: â[M.L.] said he was not a Nazi, but he affirmed: âWe had to choose between two abysses, one was communism, the other was Hitler; we had seen the revolution in â19 in Germany, the Spartacist uprising, and we opted for a defenseââ (OC III, p. 844).
6It was not possible to track down the source of this affirmation. M.L. seems to allude here to public debate in the West over the Hungarian revolt during the autumn of 1956, a debate that was primarily limited to the newspapers, as the title-like tone of the quote suggests. On October 28, U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles stated âWe do not look upon these nations [on the other side of the Iron Curtain] as potential military allies,â rendering explicit to public opinion the intention of the United States and NATO to avoid intervention in the Soviet Block. This same position was repeated by the West German Foreign Minister, Heinrich von Brentano. Cf. âAlliances: How to Help Hungary,â in Time Magazine, December 24, 1956. Regarding the neutrality of the United States during the Hungarian revolt, see the chapter âThe Hungarian Revolution and Totalitarian Imperialismâ in Thinking Without Bannisters by H. Arendt, New York: Schocken Books, 2018, pp. 105-159.Â
7M.L. is referring to the speech Hitler gave on the radio on July 21, 1944, in which the FĂźhrer announced to the German people that he had survived an assassination attempt the previous day. The following is a translation published in The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany by William Shirer: âA very small clique [Eine ganze kleine Clique] of ambitious, irresponsible, and, at the same time, senseless and stupid officers [Offiziere; M.L. used âGeneralsâ] had concocted a plot to eliminate me and, with me, the staff of the High Command of the Wehrmachtâ (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960, p. 1069).
8The reference is to the two âcharactersâ in If This Is a Man, Kapo Alex and Doctor Pannwitz, who Levi talks about in the chapter âChemistry Examination.â The same references return in letters to other correspondents, cf. Letter 153 and Letter 167. Â Â
IItalicized in the text is Primo Leviâs translation of the letter. The paragraph is marked with a sign in red pencil in the inner margin of the sheet.
IIFrom âsterminio di popoli interiâ until the end of the paragraph, the passage is marked with a sign in red pencil in the inner margin of the sheet.
IIIâsi aspetta,â typed, is emended by typewriter.
IVâsommosse,â typed, is crossed out by typewriter.Â
VThe two paragraphs, from âElla però, egregio dottor Leviâ to âdecisamente come il minor male,â are marked with a sign in red pencil in the inner margin of the sheet. The phrase âcome il minor maleâ is underlined in red pencil. Â
VIânessuna colpa si può certo attribuire ai traditiâ is marked with a sign in red pencil in the inner margin of the sheet.
VIIThe passage from âil suo insensato odio contro gli ebreiâ to âgli ebrei nel mondo interoâ is marked with a sign in red pencil in the inner margin of the sheet.Â
VIIIâAlterazioniâ is underlined in pencil. Â
IXâ(sic)â is added by hand in red ballpoint pen.Â