S., a doctor of law, writes that he felt impelled by the German preface of Ist das ein Mensch? and thus tries to reply to the authorâs questions.
S.
Baden-baden, 5. September 1962
Â
Verehrter Herr Primo Levi!
Ich las Ihr Buch Ist das ein Mensch. Sie schreiben in einem dort abgedruckten Brief an den Ăbersetzer, dass Sie die Deutschen nicht verstehen, aber hoffen, dass Ihr Buch in Deutschland Widerhall finden und die Natur dieser Widerhall Ihnen erlauben wird, sie besser zu verstehen. Als Deutscher, der Trauer und Scham empfindet und bis an sein Lebensende Scham empfinden wird, dass das Grauenhafte durch Menschen seiner Nation geschah, fĂŒhle ich mich durch Ihre Worte angesprochen und will darauf antworten.
Auch ich verstehe Menschen wie jenem Kapo, der seine Hand auf Ihre Schulter sĂ€ubert, und den Doktor Pannwitz[1] und Eichmann und all die anderen nicht, die unmenschlich Befehle ausfĂŒhrten, ohne GefĂŒhl dafĂŒr, dass man der eigenen Verantwortung nicht dadurch entgehen kam, dass man sich hinter der Verantwortung anderen versteckt. Den es im deutschen Volk so viele handlanger einem verbrecherischen System gab â teils eher Kriminelle, teils irregeleitete Fanatiker, teils solchen, die glaubten oder sich einredeten, dass der Befehl des Vorgesehen jede Untat decke, und â das alles erst durch die grosse Zahl der so Bereiten möglich auch â wer sollte als Deutscher sich darĂŒber nicht grausen!
Aber sind jene Menschen âdie Deutschenâ?
Kann man ĂŒberhaupt von âden Deutschenâ, âden EnglĂ€ndern”, âden Italienernâ oder âden Judenâ als Einheit sprechen? Sie machten Ausnahmen von âden Deutschenâ die Sie nicht verstehen â Thomas Mann und Ihren Ăbersetzer Heinz Riedt â und sagen, sie ertrĂŒgen es nicht dass man den Menschen nach der Gruppe, das es zufĂ€llig zugehört, und nicht nach den beurteilt, was er ist.[2] Ich danke Ihnen fĂŒr dieses Wort, aber bitte denken Sie auch daran, dass unzĂ€hlige Deutsche die gleiche Gesinnung haben und viele von ihnen im Kampf gegen das Unrecht litten und starben. Alle diese Menschen, welche NationalitĂ€t sie auch sein mögen, verstehen einander â ich weiss, das ist auch Ihre Meinung.
Ich wĂŒnsche von Herzen, dass viele meiner Landsleute Ihr Buch lesen, damit wir nicht trĂ€ge und gleichgĂŒltig werden sondern uns bewusst bleibt, wie tief der Mensch als Peiniger des Menschen sinken kann. Dann wird Ihr Buch dazu beitragen, dass so etwas nie wieder geschehen kann.Â
Es grĂŒĂt Sie, sehr verehrter Herr Primo Levi, in herzlichen Verbundenheit â leider muss ich Sie in meinen Muttersprache ansprechen, da ich die italienische Sprache nicht beherrsche â
Ihr ergebener
Â
Fred Sarvaes
Baden-Baden, 5/9/62
Egregio Signor Levi,Â
ho letto il suo libro SQEUU. Ella scrive, in una lettera altraduttore ivi riprodotta, di non capire i tedeschi, ma di sperare che il suo libro trovi risonanza in Germania, e che la natura di questa risonanza Le permetta di capirli meglio. Come tedesco, sensibile allâorrore e alla vergogna, e che fino alla fine dei suoi giorni sarĂ consapevole che lâorrore stesso ha avuto luogo per mano di uomini del suo paese, mi sento chiamato in causa dalle Sue parole, e desidero rispondere ad esse.
Neppure io capisco uomini come quel Kapo che si pulĂŹ la mano sulla sua spalla, e comePannwitz,[1] e come Eichmann, e come tutti gli altri che eseguirono ordini disumani senza rendersi conto che non si puĂČ sfuggire alla propria responsabilitĂ nascondendosi dietro a quella di altri. Che in Germania ci siano stati cosĂŹ numerosi esecutori materiali di un sistema criminoso (in parte vecchi delinquenti, in parte fanatici guidati da pazzi, in parte gente che credeva, o si sforzava di credere, che un ordine superiore coprisse ogni misfatto), e che tutto questo abbia potuto avvenire proprio grazie al grande numero delle persone a ciĂČ disposte,IÂ chi, in quanto tedesco, potrebbe non provarne afflizione?II
Ma sono costoro «i tedeschi»? Ed Ăš lecito, comunque, parlare come di una entitĂ unitaria «dei tedeschi», o «degli inglesi», o «degli italiani», o «degli ebrei»? Ella ha citato delle eccezioni ai «tedeschi» che lei non capisce: Thomas Mann e il Suo traduttore, sig. H. Riedt, e ha detto che non puĂČ ammettere che un uomo venga giudicato per il gruppo a cui gli accade di appartenere, e non per ciĂČ che egli Ăš.[2] La ringrazio per queste sue parole, ma La prego di ricordare che innumerevoli tedeschi hanno la Sua stessa convinzione; e che molti fra questi hanno sofferto e sono morti nella lotta contro lâiniquitĂ . Tutti costoro, a qualsiasi nazionalitĂ appartengano, si comprendono fra loro â io so che anche Lei pensa cosĂŹ.
I read your book If This Is a Man. In a letter to the translator included in the book, you write that you do not understand the Germans, but hope that your book will find resonance in Germany and that the nature of this resonance will allow you to understand them better. As a German who feels grief and shame, and who will feel shame until the end of his life because of the horrors committed by people of his nation, I feel your words are addressed to me and want to respond.
I, too, fail to understand people like that Kapo who wipes his hand on your shoulder, and Doctor Pannwitz[1] and Eichmann and all the others who carried out inhuman orders without any sense that one cannot escape oneâs own responsibility by hiding behind the responsibility of others. Given that there were so many accomplices to this criminal system among the German peopleâsome criminals, some misguided fanatics, some who believed or convinced themselves that the leadershipâs orders would cover any and every atrocityâand given that all this was only possible because of the large number of people who were willingâwho among the Germans would not be horrified?
But are those people âthe Germansâ?
Can one even speak of âthe Germans,â âthe English,â âthe Italians,â or âthe Jewsâ as a single entity? You list exceptions to âthe Germansâ you do not understandâThomas Mann and your translator Heinz Riedtâand say you cannot tolerate people being judged according to the group to which they happen to belong instead of according to what they are.[2] I thank you for these words, but please also remember that countless Germans share the same sentiment and many of them suffered and died fighting against injustice. All these people, whatever their nationality, understand each otherâI know you are of the same opinion.
I sincerely hope many of my compatriots read your book, so that we do not become sluggish and indifferent, but rather remain aware of how low human beings can sink when they torment their fellow human beings. Then your book will help ensure that such a thing can never happen again.
I send you, most esteemed Mr. Primo Levi, my warm regardsâregrettably, I must address you in my native language, as I do not speak Italian.
Sincerely yours,
S.
S.
Baden-baden, 5. September 1962
Â
Verehrter Herr Primo Levi!
Ich las Ihr Buch Ist das ein Mensch. Sie schreiben in einem dort abgedruckten Brief an den Ăbersetzer, dass Sie die Deutschen nicht verstehen, aber hoffen, dass Ihr Buch in Deutschland Widerhall finden und die Natur dieser Widerhall Ihnen erlauben wird, sie besser zu verstehen. Als Deutscher, der Trauer und Scham empfindet und bis an sein Lebensende Scham empfinden wird, dass das Grauenhafte durch Menschen seiner Nation geschah, fĂŒhle ich mich durch Ihre Worte angesprochen und will darauf antworten.
Auch ich verstehe Menschen wie jenem Kapo, der seine Hand auf Ihre Schulter sĂ€ubert, und den Doktor Pannwitz[1] und Eichmann und all die anderen nicht, die unmenschlich Befehle ausfĂŒhrten, ohne GefĂŒhl dafĂŒr, dass man der eigenen Verantwortung nicht dadurch entgehen kam, dass man sich hinter der Verantwortung anderen versteckt. Den es im deutschen Volk so viele handlanger einem verbrecherischen System gab â teils eher Kriminelle, teils irregeleitete Fanatiker, teils solchen, die glaubten oder sich einredeten, dass der Befehl des Vorgesehen jede Untat decke, und â das alles erst durch die grosse Zahl der so Bereiten möglich auch â wer sollte als Deutscher sich darĂŒber nicht grausen!
Aber sind jene Menschen âdie Deutschenâ?
Kann man ĂŒberhaupt von âden Deutschenâ, âden EnglĂ€ndern”, âden Italienernâ oder âden Judenâ als Einheit sprechen? Sie machten Ausnahmen von âden Deutschenâ die Sie nicht verstehen â Thomas Mann und Ihren Ăbersetzer Heinz Riedt â und sagen, sie ertrĂŒgen es nicht dass man den Menschen nach der Gruppe, das es zufĂ€llig zugehört, und nicht nach den beurteilt, was er ist.[2] Ich danke Ihnen fĂŒr dieses Wort, aber bitte denken Sie auch daran, dass unzĂ€hlige Deutsche die gleiche Gesinnung haben und viele von ihnen im Kampf gegen das Unrecht litten und starben. Alle diese Menschen, welche NationalitĂ€t sie auch sein mögen, verstehen einander â ich weiss, das ist auch Ihre Meinung.
Ich wĂŒnsche von Herzen, dass viele meiner Landsleute Ihr Buch lesen, damit wir nicht trĂ€ge und gleichgĂŒltig werden sondern uns bewusst bleibt, wie tief der Mensch als Peiniger des Menschen sinken kann. Dann wird Ihr Buch dazu beitragen, dass so etwas nie wieder geschehen kann.Â
Es grĂŒĂt Sie, sehr verehrter Herr Primo Levi, in herzlichen Verbundenheit â leider muss ich Sie in meinen Muttersprache ansprechen, da ich die italienische Sprache nicht beherrsche â
Ihr ergebener
Â
Fred Sarvaes
Baden-Baden, 5/9/62
Egregio Signor Levi,Â
ho letto il suo libro SQEUU. Ella scrive, in una lettera altraduttore ivi riprodotta, di non capire i tedeschi, ma di sperare che il suo libro trovi risonanza in Germania, e che la natura di questa risonanza Le permetta di capirli meglio. Come tedesco, sensibile allâorrore e alla vergogna, e che fino alla fine dei suoi giorni sarĂ consapevole che lâorrore stesso ha avuto luogo per mano di uomini del suo paese, mi sento chiamato in causa dalle Sue parole, e desidero rispondere ad esse.
Neppure io capisco uomini come quel Kapo che si pulĂŹ la mano sulla sua spalla, e comePannwitz,[1] e come Eichmann, e come tutti gli altri che eseguirono ordini disumani senza rendersi conto che non si puĂČ sfuggire alla propria responsabilitĂ nascondendosi dietro a quella di altri. Che in Germania ci siano stati cosĂŹ numerosi esecutori materiali di un sistema criminoso (in parte vecchi delinquenti, in parte fanatici guidati da pazzi, in parte gente che credeva, o si sforzava di credere, che un ordine superiore coprisse ogni misfatto), e che tutto questo abbia potuto avvenire proprio grazie al grande numero delle persone a ciĂČ disposte,IÂ chi, in quanto tedesco, potrebbe non provarne afflizione?II
Ma sono costoro «i tedeschi»? Ed Ăš lecito, comunque, parlare come di una entitĂ unitaria «dei tedeschi», o «degli inglesi», o «degli italiani», o «degli ebrei»? Ella ha citato delle eccezioni ai «tedeschi» che lei non capisce: Thomas Mann e il Suo traduttore, sig. H. Riedt, e ha detto che non puĂČ ammettere che un uomo venga giudicato per il gruppo a cui gli accade di appartenere, e non per ciĂČ che egli Ăš.[2] La ringrazio per queste sue parole, ma La prego di ricordare che innumerevoli tedeschi hanno la Sua stessa convinzione; e che molti fra questi hanno sofferto e sono morti nella lotta contro lâiniquitĂ . Tutti costoro, a qualsiasi nazionalitĂ appartengano, si comprendono fra loro â io so che anche Lei pensa cosĂŹ.
I read your book If This Is a Man. In a letter to the translator included in the book, you write that you do not understand the Germans, but hope that your book will find resonance in Germany and that the nature of this resonance will allow you to understand them better. As a German who feels grief and shame, and who will feel shame until the end of his life because of the horrors committed by people of his nation, I feel your words are addressed to me and want to respond.
I, too, fail to understand people like that Kapo who wipes his hand on your shoulder, and Doctor Pannwitz[1] and Eichmann and all the others who carried out inhuman orders without any sense that one cannot escape oneâs own responsibility by hiding behind the responsibility of others. Given that there were so many accomplices to this criminal system among the German peopleâsome criminals, some misguided fanatics, some who believed or convinced themselves that the leadershipâs orders would cover any and every atrocityâand given that all this was only possible because of the large number of people who were willingâwho among the Germans would not be horrified?
But are those people âthe Germansâ?
Can one even speak of âthe Germans,â âthe English,â âthe Italians,â or âthe Jewsâ as a single entity? You list exceptions to âthe Germansâ you do not understandâThomas Mann and your translator Heinz Riedtâand say you cannot tolerate people being judged according to the group to which they happen to belong instead of according to what they are.[2] I thank you for these words, but please also remember that countless Germans share the same sentiment and many of them suffered and died fighting against injustice. All these people, whatever their nationality, understand each otherâI know you are of the same opinion.
I sincerely hope many of my compatriots read your book, so that we do not become sluggish and indifferent, but rather remain aware of how low human beings can sink when they torment their fellow human beings. Then your book will help ensure that such a thing can never happen again.
I send you, most esteemed Mr. Primo Levi, my warm regardsâregrettably, I must address you in my native language, as I do not speak Italian.
Sincerely yours,
S.
Info
Notes
Tag
Sender: S.
Addressee: Primo Levi
Date of Drafting: 1962-09-05
Place of Writing: Baden-Baden
Description:handwritten letter in blue fountain pen on white paper; typewritten translation by Levi with insertions written by hand in red pencil (f. 214); (mm 219x215).
Archive: Archivio privato di Primo Levi, Turin
Series: Complesso di fondi Primo Levi, Fondo Primo Levi, Corrispondenza, Corrispondenti particolari, Fasc. 20, sottofasc. 1, doc. 76, ff. 213r/v, 214 (traduzione)
Folio: 1 front and back, 1 front only
DOI:
1The reference is to the episode in If This Is a Man recounted in the chapter âChemistry Examinationâ: after Levi takes the examination in the presence of Dr. Pannwitz, the Kapo Alex wipes his hands on Leviâs jacket: âWithout hatred and without contempt, Alex wipes his hand on my shoulder, both the palm and the back of the hand, to clean it; he would be amazed, the innocent brute Alex, if someone told him that today I judge him on the basis of this action, him and Pannwitz and the innumerable others like him, great and small, in Auschwitz and everywhereâ (CW I, p. 102); also cf. Letter 148 note 1 and Letter 153 note 8.
2S. is referring to a passage in the Preface to the German edition of If This Is a Man, in which Levi writes: âI have never harbored any hatred toward the German people, and, if I had, I would be cured of it now that I have come to know you. I cannot understand, I cannot bear to see a man judged not for who he is but for the group he happens to belong to. On the contrary, I am aware, since I got to know Thomas Mann [âŠ], that in Germany there is something of value,â Cf. P. Levi, CW II, pp. 1150-51.Â
IItalicized in the text is Primo Leviâs translation of the letter. âQualeâ follows and is crossed out by typewriterÂ
IIThe paragraph (âNeppure io⊠afflizioneâ) is marked with a vertical line handwritten in red pencil in the inner margin of the sheet.
IIIâsi desti,â typed, is corrected by typewriter to ârimanga desta.â